Indicates that this process is to be traced by its parent. Any signal (except SIGKILL) delivered to this process will cause it to stop and its parent to be notified via wait(2). Also, all subsequent calls to execve(2) by this process will cause a SIGTRAP to be sent to it, giving the parent a chance to gain control before the new program begins execution. A process probably shouldn't make this request if its parent isn't expecting to trace it. (pid, addr, and data are ignored.)

Reads a word at the location addr in the child's memory, returning the word as the result of the ptrace() call. Linux does not have separate text and data address spaces, so the two requests are currently equivalent. (The argument data is ignored.)

Reads a word at offset addr in the child's USER area, which holds the registers and other information about the process (see <sys/user.h> The word is returned as the result of the ptrace() call. Typically the offset must be word-aligned, though this might vary by architecture. See NOTES. (data is ignored.)

Copies the word data to location addr in the child's memory. As above, the two requests are currently equivalent.

Copies the word data to offset addr in the child's USER area. As above, the offset must typically be word-aligned. In order to maintain the integrity of the kernel, some modifications to the USER area are disallowed.

Copies the child's general purpose or floating-point registers, respectively, to location data in the parent. See <sys/user.h> for information on the format of this data. (addr is ignored.)

Retrieve information about the signal that caused the stop. Copies a siginfo_t structure (see sigaction(2)) from the child to location data in the parent. (addr is ignored.)

Copies the child's general purpose or floating-point registers, respectively, from location data in the parent. As for PTRACE_POKEUSER, some general purpose register modifications may be disallowed. (addr is ignored.)

Set signal information. Copies a siginfo_t structure from location data in the parent to the child. This will only affect signals that would normally be delivered to the child and were caught by the tracer. It may be difficult to tell these normal signals from synthetic signals generated by ptrace() itself. (addr is ignored.)

Sets ptrace options from data in the parent. (addr is ignored.) data is interpreted as a bit mask of options, which are specified by the following flags:

Retrieve a message (as an unsigned long) about the ptrace event that just happened, placing it in the location data in the parent. For PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT this is the child's exit status. For PTRACE_EVENT_FORK, PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK and PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE this is the PID of the new process. Since Linux 2.6.18, the PID of the new process is also available for PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE. (addr is ignored.)

Restarts the stopped child process. If data is nonzero and not SIGSTOP, it is interpreted as a signal to be delivered to the child; otherwise, no signal is delivered. Thus, for example, the parent can control whether a signal sent to the child is delivered or not. (addr is ignored.)

Restarts the stopped child as for PTRACE_CONT, but arranges for the child to be stopped at the next entry to or exit from a system call, or after execution of a single instruction, respectively. (The child will also, as usual, be stopped upon receipt of a signal.) From the parent's perspective, the child will appear to have been stopped by receipt of a SIGTRAP. So, for PTRACE_SYSCALL, for example, the idea is to inspect the arguments to the system call at the first stop, then do another PTRACE_SYSCALL and inspect the return value of the system call at the second stop. The data argument is treated as for PTRACE_CONT. (addr is ignored.)

For PTRACE_SYSEMU, continue and stop on entry to the next syscall, which will not be executed. For PTRACE_SYSEMU_SINGLESTEP, do the same but also singlestep if not a syscall. This call is used by programs like User Mode Linux that want to emulate all the child's system calls. The data argument is treated as for PTRACE_CONT. (addr is ignored; not supported on all architectures.)

Sends the child a SIGKILL to terminate it. (addr and data are ignored.)

Attaches to the process specified in pid, making it a traced "child" of the calling process; the behavior of the child is as if it had done a PTRACE_TRACEME. The calling process actually becomes the parent of the child process for most purposes (e.g., it will receive notification of child events and appears in ps(1) output as the child's parent), but a getppid(2) by the child will still return the PID of the original parent. The child is sent a SIGSTOP, but will not necessarily have stopped by the completion of this call; use wait(2) to wait for the child to stop. (addr and data are ignored.)

Restarts the stopped child as for PTRACE_CONT, but first detaches from the process, undoing the reparenting effect of PTRACE_ATTACH, and the effects of PTRACE_TRACEME. Although perhaps not intended, under Linux a traced child can be detached in this way regardless of which method was used to initiate tracing. (addr is ignored.)

(i386 only) There was an error with allocating or freeing a debug register.

There was an attempt to read from or write to an invalid area in the parent's or child's memory, probably because the area wasn't mapped or accessible. Unfortunately, under Linux, different variations of this fault will return EIO or EFAULT more or less arbitrarily.

An attempt was made to set an invalid option.

request is invalid, or an attempt was made to read from or write to an invalid area in the parent's or child's memory, or there was a word-alignment violation, or an invalid signal was specified during a restart request.

The specified process cannot be traced. This could be because the parent has insufficient privileges (the required capability is CAP_SYS_PTRACE); unprivileged processes cannot trace processes that they cannot send signals to or those running set-user-ID/set-group-ID programs, for obvious reasons. Alternatively, the process may already be being traced, or be init(8) (PID 1).

The specified process does not exist, or is not currently being traced by the caller, or is not stopped (for requests that require that).